Perikanan | Climbing Perch | pendapatan sampingan

The Climbing Perch
Anabas testudineus

By David MarshallThe article which follows was written for the web-site of Ryedale Aquarist Society, Pickering, North Yorkshire, EnglandAquarticles

SCIENTIFIC NAME - Anabas testudineus

COMMON NAME - Climbing Perch

SCIENTIFIC CONFUSION? - With several slight colour and morphological differences in Climbing Perch found throughout their natural range it may well be that, in the future, we will see some of these given alternative scientific names.

NATURAL RANGE - Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Southern China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Philippines.

SIZE - 10" (25cm).

DESCRIPTION - A torpedo looking, perch shaped fish. The body is elongate, the dorsal fin has a longer base than the anal, dorsal and anal reach backwards to the beginning of the caudal and that the posterior edge of the gill cover bears two strong spines. Colour is of a 'muddy' appearance of olive-grey. Young specimens have a dark spot on the caudal peduncle (point at which the body ends and tail starts). Young are often confused with Ctenopoma species.

DANGER? - The gill covers are equipped with various spines that are used as a defensive mechanism and are said to cause pain (if my experience of badly swollen fingers and large blisters caused by the ventral fin spines of Synodontis species 'Nigeria' is similar to this then such contact is best avoided and only plunging my hand into extremely hot water took this swelling down) if they catch a fishkeepers hand.

FIN MOVERS? - These fish are capable of moving from pool to pool by using their pectoral fins, caudal peduncle and gill covers as a means of locomotion. As a means of protection these fish are said to use the cover of darkness in order to move around doing so in groups and not as individuals.

HOW DID THESE FISH GAIN THEIR COMMON NAME? - Climbing Perch came about due to a 'myth'. Because certain individuals are said to have been found in tree tops a 'myth' has spread that these fish are the 'Tarzan of the fish world' able to shin up tree trunks with ease but this has yet to be scientifically proved so it is more likely that fish eating birds actually dropped or left catches of this particular fish on tree branches.

Climbing Perch AQUARIUM CONDITIONS - In his Tetra published book Labyrinth Fish - The Bubble-Nest-Builders, Anabantid expert Horst Linke recommends that these fish be maintained in aquaria of 70x40x40cm with a temperature of between 20 and 25 C. Linke recommends keeping these fish in a well-planted aquarium. From a conversation with well-known aquatic photographer Mr. Kevin Webb, maggots and large sized commercial aquarium fish food pellets make good foods for these particular fish. These fish have a predatory nature so are NOT for the community aquarium. The two Climbing Perch I care for live fairly peacefully alongside large Loricarins, Synodontis pardalis, Sajica Cichlids, Doradids and a Garra species.
Please remember that these are labyrinth fish so leave a gap between the water surface and condensation shield (in order to keep the labyrinth organ working properly) and watch for signs of velvet disease.

Climbing Perch BREEDING - The sexes are told apart by girth, as that of the female is larger (particularly when in spawning condition). Males may be darker in colour and have more of a knife-edged anal fin than females. Use a large aquarium with plenty of floating plants. These fish do not build nests spawning in open water. Unlike their Gourami relatives they do not entwine in a full embrace. Spawning is said to be a very vigorous affair.
Eggs are clear in appearance and rise to the water surface. Once spawning is complete remove the adults, as they are prone to eating their eggs. Any fry which hatch (said to be from day 3 onwards) would be very delicate and require either green water or egg yolk paste as a first food with newly hatched brine shrimp to follow after the first week or so. The fry would be tiny and prone to velvet disease.

REFERENCES
Labyrinth Fish - The Bubble-Nest-Builders by Horst Linke, Tetra Press.
Labyrinth Fish by Helmut Pinter, Barron's Publishing.
Star Animals Series - See & Discover Fish (English edition) - Elsa editions.
Dr. Axelrod's Mini-Atlas, TFH Publications.

Pertanian | Penanaman serai | kampung | pendapatan sampingan

Penanaman serai kampung.

Penanaman serai kampung sangat mudah. Anda boleh menanam secara kecil-kecilan di kawasan rumah. Secara tidak langsung membolehkan anda memperolehi pendapatan sampingan dan dapat menjimatkan wang pembelanjaan dapur. Di sini saya sediakan cara Penanaman serai kampung untuk anda.

Penanaman serai kampung :

Dua hingga tiga ‘batang’ serai ditanam bagi setiap lubang tanaman. Jarak tanaman dan kepadatan tanaman bergantung kepada kesuburan tanah. Untuk tanah yang kurang subur, jarak tanaman yang rapat digunakan dan sebaliknya bagi tanah yang subur. Julat jarak antara baris ialah antara 0.6 m hingga 1.0 m manakala antara lubang dalam sesuatu baris ialah antara 0.3 m hingga 1.0 m.

PEMBAJAAN
Serai makan dikenali sebagai tanaman yang ‘menghauskan’ tanah. Oleh itu pembajaan yang sesuai adalah mustahak untuk menjamin kesuburan tanah dalam jangka panjang. Keperluan pembajaan daripada segi kuantiti dan kekerapan bergantung kepada status kesuburan tanah. Biasanya baja ditabur 3 kali, sekali sebagai baja asas dan 2 kali sebagai baja tambahan. Baja asas di tabur dan digaul kedalam tanah semasa atau sebaik sahaja penanaman dilakukan. Baja tambahan pula dibubuh setiap 2 bulan selepas tanam.

Baja asas : Sebatian NPK 12:12:17:2
Baja Tambahan : Urea setiap kali pembajaan dibubuh pada 2 dan 4 bulan selepas menanam.

KAWALAN RUMPAI
Penanaman serai kampung perlu juga dikawal daripada rumpai terutamanya diperingkat awal pertumbuhan. Sekiranya penyediaan tanah dijalankan dengan baik, satu atau dua kali merumput biasanya mencukupi. Sehingga kini belum ada laporan mengenai serangga atau penyakit ke atas tanaman serai makan.

PENUAIAN
Penuaian Penanaman serai kampung untuk kegunaan segar boleh dilakukan 6 hingga 8 bulan selepas ditanam. Rumpun-rumpun digali menggunakan cangkul. Akar serta daun dipotong meninggalkan batang dengan upeh daun sepanjang 10 – 15 cm.

TEMPAT JUALAN
1) Pasar
2) Warong Tomyam
3) Rakan-rakan

Pertanian | Lemongrass

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), a native of India, is widely used in Thai and Vietnamese cooking. Lemongrass is a perennial, which means once you plant it, the grass comes back year after year. Depending on the area you live in the plant will go dormant in the winter. In harsh climates the plant will need to be potted and wintered indoors. This aromatic herb is used in Caribbean and many types of Asian cooking and has become very popular in the United States. Most of the commercial crops for the United States are grown in California and Florida. Lemongrass is also used for medicinal purposes.

Other Names (from theepicentre.com)French: Citronnelle German: ZitronengrasItalian: erba di limoneSpanish: hierba de limonIndian: bhustrina, seraIndonesian: sere, serehLao: bai mak naoMalay: seraiSinhalese: seraThai: takrai
Culinary UsesThis is a very pungent herb and is normally used in small amounts. The entire stalk of the grass can be used. The grass blade can be sliced very fine and added to soups. The bulb can be bruised and minced for use in a variety of recipes. (See recipes at the bottom of this page). The light lemon flavor of this grass blends well with garlic, chilies, and cilantro. The herb is frequently used in curries as well as in seafood soups. It is also used to make tea.

Buy and StoreLemon grass is available in ethnic markets such as Asian and Mexican. Select fresh looking stalks that don't look dry or brittle. Store fresh lemon grass in the refrigerator in a tightly sealed plastic bag for up to 3 weeks. You can also freeze it for about 6 months without any flavor loss.In addition to fresh, lemon grass may be purchased dried or powdered. The dried product has to be soaked in hot water and reconstituted before use. The powdered variety is useful in teas and curries but it's not a good substitute for the fresh product. For best results in recipes use the fresh herb.
Medicinal and Other UsesThis grass is rich in a substance called citral, the active ingredient in lemon peel. This substance is said to aid in digestion as well as relieve spasms, muscle cramps, rheumatism and headaches. Lemon grass is also used commercially as the lemon scent in many products including soaps, perfumes and candles. A related plant, (Cymbopogon nardus) is the ingredient in citronella candles sold to ward off mosquitoes and other insects

Cymbopogon species belongs to the Poaceae (grass) family. Lemongrass is Cymbopogon citratus. Citronella grass is Cymbopogon nardus.
Cymbopogon includes a number of aromatic perennial tropical grass species with mostly lemon scented foliage. The gray-green stalks are 2 to 3 feet long and are as stiff as beach grass. The plant grows in dense clumps as big as 6 feet in height and diameter. Cymbopogon nardus is the source of commercial citronella oil. Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) is cultivated for the edible stem and for lemon grass oil.
Market information
In 1988 the U.S. imported 74 metric tons of lemongrass oil primarily from Guatamala and India. The value of this was estimated at $900,000.
Use: Inside the fibrous stem layers of lemon grass is a paler tubular core that resembles a firm scallion bulb. Cooks sliver this more tender part into various dishers, adding a pundent lemon flavor. It's also used in herbal teas, and baked goods. Oil from lemon grass is widely used as a fragrance in perfumes and cosmetics, such as soups and creams.
Culture
Climatic requirements: The best climate for lemongrass are temperatures ranging from 64-84˚F, and high humidity (80-100%). However, in Stanislaus county lemongrass is successfully grown in high temperatures (70-100˚F) and low relative humidity (40-60%). The dry environmental conditions of the area favor the growth of the plant but not the growth of plant pathogens which go after the crop in tropical areas native to the species. Lemongrass utilizes sunlight very effectively, therefore it should be planted in areas of the farm exposed to the sun.
Cultural practices: Lemongrass grows best in well drained sandy soils free of weeds and soil borne pathogens such as fusarium and verticillium. Since the plants rarely flower or set fruit, propagation is usually done by root cuttings or plant divisions. Stanislaus county growers place the plant cuttings in furrows 3-4 ft. apart on beds 4-5 ft. wide depending on variety and the duration of the season. Raised furrows are recommended to minimize crown root rot problems which could be induced by irrigation water. Even though lemongrass is a perennial crop in the tropics, conditions of the valley will kill it off with the first freeze. Therefore the crop is planted as soon as the danger from frost is past to prolong the growing season. However, Stanislaus county growers have been observed successfully protecting the crop against cold weather with plastic covers. This enables a harvest during March and April which brings a premium price.
Fertilization: Lemongrass has pretty much the same nutritional requirements as sweet corn. Growers in Stanislaus county applied, on the average, 120-180 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, 140-180 lbs. of phosphorous and some potassium if needed. All the phosphorous and potassium and about 15-20 lbs. of nitrogen are placed 4-6 in. under the plant as starter fertilizer. The rest of the nitrogen is split and applied during the season as a side dress or water run, preferably prior to, or with an irrigation to improve plant uptake.
Irrigation: Lemongrass requires an average of 24-30 inches of water per year, which depends on available soil moisture, soil type and environmental conditions. Irrigation is usually done on an 8-10 day schedule. However, due to the shallow root system of the crop, it is more beneficial to irrigate more often with lighter irrigations. Moreover, the frequency of irrigations will increase the humidity, which favors rapid plant growth.
Harvest: Even though lemongrass is a perennial crop in the tropical areas of the world, in northern California it is seasonal due to the extremely cold weather experienced in the winter months. In Stanislaus county lemongrass is usually harvested once a year, despite the fact that in other parts of the world, lemongrass can be harvested up to four times per year. In the county, harvest is done by chopping off entire plant clumps from the base. Tillers (stems) are then separated from the crown, cleaned and bunched up for immediate sale. Bunches consist of 6-8 stems, but sometimes 4 stems can make up a bunch. A premium is paid for larger, thicker stems.
Sources
Plant:
Taylor's Herb Gardens Inc. 1525 Lone Oak Road, Vista, CA 92084.Sunrise Enterprises, P. O. Box 10058, Elmwood, CT 06110-0058.